When planning for retirement, understanding the distinctions between a Roth IRA and a 401(k) is essential. Both offer significant tax advantages and can help you grow your savings over time, but they operate differently and come with unique benefits and restrictions. Choosing the right account—or a combination of both—depends on your income, tax situation, and retirement goals.
One of the biggest differences between a Roth IRA and a 401(k) is how contributions and withdrawals are taxed. A Roth IRA is funded with after-tax dollars, meaning you pay taxes on the money before you contribute it. The major advantage is that your investments grow tax-free, and as long as you meet certain conditions, your withdrawals in retirement—including both contributions and earnings—are also tax-free. In contrast, a traditional 401(k) is funded with pre-tax dollars, which means your contributions lower your taxable income in the year they are made. However, when you withdraw funds in retirement, you will owe income taxes on both your contributions and earnings, based on your tax bracket at that time.
Contribution limits also differ between these accounts. In 2025, the maximum contribution for a Roth IRA is $7,000 for individuals under 50, with an additional $1,000 catch-up contribution allowed for those 50 and older. However, Roth IRA contributions are subject to income limits. Single filers earning less than $150,000 can contribute the full amount, while contributions phase out between $150,000 and $165,000. For married couples filing jointly, full contributions are allowed with a combined income below $236,000, with phase-outs occurring up to $246,000. A 401(k), on the other hand, has much higher contribution limits, allowing individuals to contribute up to $23,500 in 2025. Those aged 50 and older can contribute an additional $7,500, bringing their total to $31,000. A new provision also allows individuals between 60 and 63 to make enhanced catch-up contributions of $11,250.
Another major distinction is the potential for employer contributions. A Roth IRA is an individual account, meaning only the account holder can contribute to it. A 401(k), however, often comes with an employer match, which can significantly boost retirement savings. Many employers will match a portion of an employee’s contributions, effectively providing free money that can compound over time. These matching contributions are typically made with pre-tax dollars, meaning they will be taxed when withdrawn in retirement.
When it comes to accessing funds, a Roth IRA is generally more flexible. Account holders can withdraw their contributions at any time without taxes or penalties since those contributions were already taxed. However, withdrawing earnings before age 59½ or before the account has been open for at least five years may result in taxes and penalties. A 401(k) typically has stricter withdrawal rules. Early withdrawals before age 59½ are generally subject to a 10% penalty in addition to income taxes, though some plans allow loans or hardship withdrawals under certain circumstances. Additionally, traditional 401(k) plans require account holders to begin taking required minimum distributions (RMDs) starting at age 72. In contrast, Roth IRAs do not have RMDs during the account holder’s lifetime, allowing the money to continue growing tax-free indefinitely.
Investment options also vary between the two accounts. A Roth IRA generally provides greater flexibility, as it can be opened with a financial institution of your choice and invested in a wide variety of assets, including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, ETFs, and even real estate in some cases. A 401(k), on the other hand, typically offers a more limited selection of investments that are chosen by the employer, often consisting of mutual funds and target-date funds.
Choosing between a Roth IRA and a 401(k) depends on multiple factors, including your tax situation, employer benefits, and investment preferences. If you anticipate being in a higher tax bracket in retirement, a Roth IRA’s tax-free withdrawals may be beneficial. If your employer offers a 401(k) match, contributing enough to receive the full match is usually a smart move. Many people choose to invest in both accounts—maximizing their employer’s contributions in a 401(k) while also contributing to a Roth IRA to benefit from tax-free withdrawals in the future.
Both Roth IRAs and 401(k)s are valuable tools for building long-term wealth. By understanding their differences, you can develop a well-rounded retirement strategy that aligns with your financial goals. If you’re unsure which option is best for you, consulting with a financial advisor can help ensure you make the most informed decision based on your unique circumstances.
The commentary on this blog reflects the personal opinions, viewpoints and analyses of the author, Katherine Sullivan, and should not be regarded as a description of advisory services provided by Foundations Investment Advisors, LLC (“Foundations”), or performance returns of any Foundations client. The views reflected in the commentary are subject to change at any time without notice. Any mention of a particular security and related performance data is not a recommendation to buy or sell that security, or any security. Foundations manages its clients’ accounts using a variety of investment techniques and strategies, which are not necessarily discussed in the commentary.
